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Section I Vocabulary (10 points)
Directions:
There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1. Doctors are recommending that people take up a vegetarian lifestyle to ______ their symptoms.
A. prevent B. deteriorate C. complicate D. nurture
2. The most important ______ of his speech was that we should all work wholeheartedly for the people.
A. element B. spot C. sense D. point
3. It is thought that officials in that country were getting ______ from local businessmen.
A. deposit B. gravy C. entry D. kickback
4. We cannot always _____ the wind, so new windmills should be so designed that they can also be driven by water.
A. hang on B. count on C. hold on D. come on
5. It is rather ______ that we still do not know how many species there are in the world today.
A. misleading B. embarrassing C. boring D. demanding
6. Salt is now seen as harmful to health, but it has been used for centuries as method of ______ foods.
A. maintaining B. manufacturing C. preserving D. reserving
7. The most helpless moment for victims often comes when they realize law ______ can offer little aid.
A. reinforcement B. enforcement C. implement D. replacement
8. It is believed that ______ are high because 30% of sales are the company’s own brands.
A. increments B. leaseholds C. drawbacks D. margins
9. Tell me at the end of the week how many hours you have worked and I’ll ______ with you then.
A. settle up B. draw up C. work up D. come up
10. They claim that ______ 1,000 factories closed down during the economic crisis.
A. sufficiently B. considerably C. approximately D. properly
11.With the change of times, many words have ______ new senses that are not well documented.
A. presumed B. assumed C. resumed D. consumed
12. Nowadays young people always complain that their parents are out of ______ with modern ways.
A. link B. connection C. association D. touch
13. This has made us impossible to ship the goods within the life time of L/C which ______ on October 1.
A. grants B. floats C. inflates D. expires
14. The building of the new subway lines in the city has been ______ due to lack of enough investment.
A. held back B. held up C. held out D. held on
15. As a result of his ______ work with Louis Armstrong in the late 1920’s Earl Hines has been called the father of modern jazz piano.
A. organizational B. fundamental C. pioneering D. essential
16. Maximum benefits typically range from $50,000 to $250,00, though some ______ have no limit.
A. policies B. bills C. charges D. prices
17. Although certain conditions that may lead to cancer have been ______, the basic causes are unknown.
A. identified B. guaranteed C. conveyed D. notified
18. We shall send you commercial invoices, bills of lading and insurance certificates so that you can ______ the goods on a DP basis.
A. default B. claim C. deal D. circulate
19. The Reading Center is a rich store of reading schemes and other material ______ language development.
A. on account of B. in relation to C. on behalf of D. in memory of
20. The new government has put forward a new economic policy with a greater ______ on reducing inflation.
A. burden B. significance C. weight D. emphasis
Section II Cloze (10 points)
Directions:
Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Colleges and universities are beginning to change the way they do business, because the students are changing. It used to be 21 most students went to college immediately out of high school, left home for the first time to live 22 campus, and completed a degree in four years to 23 in the world of work in their chosen profession, perhaps never to return to the university again. Today, the growing college population are adult students over the age of 25 who are non- 24 , working full-time, perhaps with a family from diverse backgrounds.
25 , they expect the college or university to 26 to their time constraints and to offer courses that are more 27 than just on-campus. Frequently, they view themselves as 28 to faculty and do not want to sit idly at the knees of masters as 29 listeners. The “one-text/one-test/one-delivery-mode-fits-all” 30 to instruction is becoming less and less 31 . They are becoming more attracted to institutions like the University of Phoenix 32 greeting is, “We’re a new type of university centered 33 you, the student.”
The 34 of this new group of adult learners should not be ignored by institutions of higher education. If this group is dissatisfied, their 35 for the academy will decline. And this dissatisfaction will spread to 36 students of all types.
37 , it is becoming more and more apparent that the university’s role in developing “life-long learners” is 38 , as with the global economic changes new jobs are replacing old ones 39 such an extent that the ability to be a skillful, 40 life-long learner is a requirement to survive in the world of work.
21. A. how B. that C. whether D. when
22. A. at B. in C. on D. across
23. A. start B. propose C. eliminate D. design
24. A. professional B. conventional C. technical D. residential
25. A. Nevertheless B. Incidentally C. Consequently D. Moreover
26. A. adjust B. modify C. revise D. adhere
27. A. beneficial B. appropriate C. brief D. available
28. A. equals B. associates C. partners D. colleagues
29. A. passive B. cautious C. indignant D. attentive
30. A. method B. type C. approach D. model
31. A. considerate B. ideal C. attractive D. indispensable
32. A. that B. which C. whose D. where
33. A. after B. above C. about D. around
34. A. magnificence B. significance C. maintenance D. indifference
35. A. support B. interest C. mind D. appreciation
36. A. incredible B. industrious C. previous D. potential
37. A. However B. Further C. Therefore D. Thus
38. A. marvelous B. fatal C. critical D. optional
39. A. to B. for C. at D. in
40. A. imaginary B. negative C. conservative D. motivated
Section III Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Directions:
Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Passage One
There is a widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.
Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the ground that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the huge assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that more than half of the government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources.
Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to change our long-standing conception of the process driven forward by competition. The price variable once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation—a risky and expensive budget item—might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient-organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be a shocking error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status and resist the threat implied in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little supplied interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from investment in innovation. In some cases where inter-industry competition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss by deliberately preventing technological progress.
The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial leviathan, and then their weapons may include large expenditures on innovation.
41. According to the passage, important inventions of the 20th century
A. sometimes reduced our standard of living and diminish our natural resources.
B. came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries.
C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams.
D. had greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates.
42. From paragraph 2, we learn that
A. it is reasonable to support independent inventors because they lack capital.
B. it is beyond all doubt that small enterprises alone contribute to promote the living standard.
C. there is no doubt that military research can protect resources.
D. it still remains doubtful whether defense research is the cause of better living.
43. Management and stockholders might be concerned with cost-cutting rather than innovation if
A. they are faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants.
B. they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly in their industry.
C. they have produced some of the important inventions of this century.
D. they have little vested interest in capital equipment or plant.
44. Which of the following statements is implied in the passage?
A. In the past, important inventions were produced by both individuals and corporate teams.
B. For a better living, the money spent on military research should be reduced.
C. The development of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research.
D. Industrial giants may suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence.
45. The purpose of this passage is to
A. advocate an increase in governmental support of organized industrial research.
B. reveal a misconception about the relationship of the research and the monopolistic power.
C. show that America’s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness.
D. encourage free market competition
Passage Two
What causes panic in people who are seemingly rational? Panic is simply the behavioral outcome of a sudden, hyper-risk reaction, more than an assessment. It occurs when one resorts to extreme egoistical behavior to protect one’s interests and this behavior kicks in when there is “perceived understanding”—skewed and mistaken as it may be—that a person has to act now and quickly lest his or her physical survival be compromised.
Panic, in other words, is the opposite of premeditated thinking where costs and benefits are carefully weighed. If anything, panic is more concerned with costs accrued rather than benefits forgone—creating a cost-dominant thinking that creates decision driven by fear. This is why people will often put themselves under even greater risk just to escape from that over which he or she is panicking.
Panic is considered both an inelegant and socially repugnant behavior. While it may result in irrational actions, panic is not necessarily wrong. It is a healthy human biological instinct built into our psychology for thousands of years to keep us safe and sheltered from the harsh environment but it is not used indiscriminately for it is nevertheless meant to be a rare event, driven by human beings’ tendency to generalize patterns of bad events. Since panic is rare, it goes without saying that it has drivers and triggers that only selectively operationalize the human mind to send it into a frenzy.
The Gestalt School of psychology, for instance, has argued that the human mind tends to collapse all distinctive parts into general patterns and so, for instance, when a series of dots are laid down in a straight pattern, the “perceiver” will inevitably, albeit incorrectly, jump to the conclusion that the dots form a line. The human mind, in other words, is better at perceiving patterns than at analyzing fragments in isolation. If it sees dots, it instantly connects them.
The extent to which a person or a class of people is vulnerable to frenzied behavior is due, first and foremost, to the uneven distribution of knowledge and information, followed by an uneven capacity (often economic) to control events. Transparent information, which allows for proper risk/cost assessment means that alleviating panic is as much a qualitative issue as it is a quantitative one.
46. The example of the experiment with dots in the passage is used to
A. show how humans analyze the various dots in isolation.
B. show why human beings are often irrational.
C. show that humans do not tend to perceive events in isolation.
D. show why human beings tend to panic instead of stay calm.
47. The author implies that reducing panic
A. is impossible since human beings generalize patterns.
B. is not necessarily healthy for human beings since it is natural.
C. can be achieved if more information is distributed.
D. is possible if balanced information is provided more evenly.
48. According to the author, panic is a human condition
A. that only happens when we fail to make balanced assessments.
B. that is probably uncontrollable.
C. that always involves a faulty perception of danger when there really isn’t.
D. that is controllable if more information is given.
49. The term “drivers and triggers” in the third paragraph most probably refers to
A. causes. B. consequences. C. initiators. D. reactions.
50. We can learn from the last paragraph that
A. sometimes it may be necessary to hide negative information to avoid panic.
B. more information will not necessarily reduce panic.
C. the efficiency of timely information is a crucial factor.
D. people can be taught to use information more rationally.
Passage Three
World leaders met recently at United Nations headquarters in New York City to discuss the environmental issues raised at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The heads of state were supposed to decide what further steps should be taken to halt the decline of Earth’s life-support systems. In fact, this meeting had much the flavor of the original Earth Summit. To wit: empty promises, hollow rhetoric, bickering between rich and poor, and irrelevant initiatives. Think U.S. Congress in slow motion.
Almost obscured by this torpor is the fact that there has been some remarkable progress over the past five years—real changes in the attitude of ordinary people in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realization that environmental degradation and their own well-being are intimately, and inversely, linked. Almost none of this, however, has anything to do with what the bureaucrats accomplished in Rio.
Or didn’t accomplish. One item on the agenda at Rio, for example, was a renewed effort to save tropical forests. (A previous UN-sponsored initiative had fallen apart when it became clear that it actually hastened deforestation.) After Rio, a UN working group came up with more than 100 recommendations that have so far gone nowhere. One proposed forestry pact would do little more than immunize wood-exporting nations against trade sanctions.
An effort to draft an agreement on what to do about the climate changes caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gases has fared even worse. Blocked by the Bush Administration from setting mandatory limits, the UN in 1992 called on nations to voluntarily reduce emissions to 1990 levels. Several years later, it’s as if Rio had never happened. A new climate treaty is scheduled to be signed this December in Kyoto, Japan, but governments still cannot agree on limits. Meanwhile, the U.S. produces 7% more CO2 than it did in 1990, and emissions in the developing world have risen even more sharply. No one would confuse the “Rio process” with progress.
While governments have dithered at a pace that could make drifting continents impatient, people have acted. Birth-rates are dropping faster than expected, not because of Rio but because poor people are deciding on their own to limit family size. Another positive development has been a growing environmental consciousness among the poor. From slum dwellers in Karachi, Pakistan, to colonists in Rondonia, Brazil, urban poor and rural peasants alike seem to realize that they pay the biggest price for pollution and deforestation. There is cause for hope as well in the growing recognition among business people that it is not in their long-term interest to fight environmental reforms. John Browne, chief executive of British Petroleum, boldly asserted in a major speech in May that the threat of climate change could no longer be ignored.
51. The author’s general attitude towards the world leaders meeting at the UN is
A. supportive. B. impartial. C. critical. D. optimistic.
52. What does the author say about the ordinary people in the Third World countries?
A. They are beginning to realize the importance of environmental protection.
B. They believe that many children are necessary for prosperity.
C. They are reluctant to accept advice from the government.
D. They think that earning a living is more important than nature conservation.
53. What did the UN call on nations to do about CO2 and other greenhouse gases in 1992?
A. To sign a new climate treaty at Rio.
B. To draft an agreement among UN nations.
C. To force the United States to reduce its emissions.
D. To cut the release of CO2 and other gases.
54. The word “deforestation” in paragraph 3 means
A. forest damage caused by pollution. B. moving population from forest to cities
C. the threat of climate change. D. cutting large areas of trees
55. Which of the following best summarizes the text?
A. As the UN hesitates, the poor take action.
B. Progress in environmental protection has been made.
C. Climate changes can no longer be ignored.
D. The decline of earth’s life-support systems has been halted.
Passage Four
Body weight has risen in defiance of health and appearance norms. A basic theory in economics is that consumers are the best judges of their welfare, that they are insatiable, and that their choices add to the well-being of society—that consumer choices are consistent and optimal over time. The experience of eating in the post-war period belies this optimism. Abundance of food is desirable, but the consequent rise in body weights is not always so welcome. The number of obese people has been rising to “epidemic” levels. From the 1970s to the 1990s the incidence of overweight in the USA rose from 51 to 59 percent for men, from 41 to 50 percent for women. Of American men about one-fifth were obese, and one-quarter of women.
Here then is what needs to be explained: eating choices have defied health and appearance norms. They have generated a “cognitive dissonance”, expressed in the contrast between the fashion and cookery pages of weekend magazines. The mismatch between weight aspirations and outcomes can be regarded as a failure of self-control. Affluence is a flow of new and inexpensive rewards. If these rewards arrive faster than disciplines of prudence can form, then self-control will decline with affluence. However, the fact is that in an affluent society, the more affluent are less obese. Why is that?
Social pressures affect not only the desire to eat, but also the desired body-weight. In poor societies, food is scarce, the poor are thin, and the wealthy are fat. Under affluence, it is slimness that is difficult, and demonstrates a capacity for self-control. If self-control is costly, then the affluent have it more than the poor. In affluent societies, these conditions persist, and the poor tend to fatness, while the well-off are slimmer.
New rewards are thrown up by affluence faster than it takes to master the previous ones, so that overall, despite growing wealth, self-control declines. Obesity shows how abundance, through cheapness, variety, novelty, and choice, can make a mockery of the rational consumer, how it entices only in order to humiliate. The challenge of affluence is to attain the requisite level of self-control. This also puts an unfamiliar face on the question of equity. The backhand of affluence hits the poor more than the rich. The well-to-do have more capacity to pace and defer their consumption and to exercise self-control. From this aspect, abundance does not solve the problem of equity, but exacerbates it.
56. What does the increase in obesity demonstrate according to the first paragraph?
A. The richer you get the less your self control.
B. People are not valuing self control as much.
C. People do not always choose their purchases wisely.
D. Wealth is not good for health.
57. The difference between obesity in poor countries and obesity in affluent countries is
A. the obese in poor countries do not suffer as many health problems.
B. that it is not related so much to exercise.
C. obesity is greater among the poorer people in affluent societies.
D. obesity is actually declining in poorer countries.
58. The author argues that the more affluent are usually slimmer in affluent societies because
A. they are more educated.
B. they have the option to control their consumption.
C. they have more options to exercise and buy healthier products.
D. they relate success in work to success in health.
59. The word “dissonance” (Para. 2) most likely means
A. stress. B. misunderstanding. C. ignorance. D. disharmony.
60. Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?
A. “How Affluence And Obesity Relates” B. “How Obesity Occurs”
C. “Self-Control And Obesity” D. “The Paradox Of Obesity”
Section IV Translation (20 points)
Directions:
In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.
The question of ethics in the legal profession is one that has plagued industry since its inception. The common image of an attorney is one who will resort to any unethical trick to twist the laws to fit his purposes. 61. In the more specific industry of criminal law, defense attorneys are often criticized for advocating on behalf of defendants who are “obviously guilty,” thus becoming roadblocks on the path to justice; much to the contrary, however, defense attorneys provide a valuable serve that should earn them praise, not scorn.
62. While it is true that every lawyer will do everything within his power to interpret the laws in the manner most beneficial to his client, such a characterization is by no means limited to defense attorneys. The prosecution will do the same thing, employing all his legal knowledge and know-how to establish the guilt of the defendant. 63. In this respect, the vague nature of the law is highlighted, and it becomes a virtual necessity for each side to use every tool at their disposal, on the assumption that the other side will also use every tool at his. The net result emerges as a positive, in which the tricks of the opposing attorneys cancel one another out, leaving only the truth, clearer and devoid of manipulation, presented for the jury’s consideration.
Further, the defense attorney is a vital element of the American judicial system, in that without him the defendant would stand no chance whatsoever. Under the constitution, even the most “obviously guilty” defendants are guaranteed the right to a fair trial, involving someone able and willing to advocate on his behalf. Of course, there are bad apples in the industry who are unethical and care nothing for actual justice, and whose only concerns are their wallets. 64. Generally speaking, however, without defense attorneys, the system would crumble into a mere machine in which defendants are assumed guilty, without a chance to argue or prove otherwise, and many innocent people falsely charged with crimes would be severely punished for transgressions that they didn’t commit.
It is a basic fact that the adversarial system of justice in the United States is necessary in order to ensure the fairest and most unbiased presentation and evaluation of the facts possible. 65. Without defense attorneys, that system cannot be carried out, and would result in a loss of the civil liberties that the nation enjoys and treasures; to that end, all of those who make that process a reality, including defense attorneys, deserve our support and admiration, not our suspicion and disdain.
Section V Writing (20 points)
Directions:
For this part, you are asked to write a composition according to the outline given below. Your composition should be no less than 150 words . You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
（1）竞争是社会生活中常见的现象。
（2）我们发现竞争与合作共存。
（3）在竞争时也应合作。
Section I Vocabulary
1. A 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. C
11. B 12. D 13. D 14. B 15. C 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. D
Section II Cloze
21. B 22. C 23. A 24. A 25. C 26. A 27. D 28. A 29. A 30. C
31. C 32. C 33. D 34. B 35. A 36. D 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. D
Section III Reading Comprehension
41. C 42. D 43. A 44. B 45. D 46. C 47. D 48. A 49. C 50. B
51. C 52. A 53. D 54. D 55. A 56. C 57. C 58. B 59. D 60. A
Section IV Translation
61．在刑法这个更为具体的领域，辩护律师通常因为替那些“显然有罪的”被告辩护而遭到人们的批评；人们认为他们阻碍了正义的伸张；然而事实却恰恰相反，辩护律师做了非常宝贵的工作，这应该为他们赢得赞誉，而不是责难。
62．虽然每位律师都竭尽所能在其职责范围内以一种对自己当事人最有利的方式来诠释法律，这是事实，但是，这种做法绝不只限于辩护律师。
63．从这个方面来看，法律的模糊性就得到突现，因而任何一方都会随意使用任何手段，并且假定对方也会随意使用任何手段，这成为必然性。
64．不过，总体来说，如果没有辩护律师，司法制度就会变成一个机器——被告只能被认定有罪，没有机会为自己辩护并证明自己无罪，许多被错误指控犯罪的无辜者将因为莫须有的罪名而受到严厉的惩罚。
65．如果没有辩护律师，这种制度的目标将无法实现，美国人拥有并且倡导的公民自由权也将丧失；因此，所有使公正得以实现的人，包括辩护律师，都应该得到我们的支持和钦佩，而不是怀疑和鄙视。
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